fourtwentymusic.com

Werner “Fips” Fürbringer (1888 - 1982) was a successful German U-boat commander in the Kaiserliche Marine during World War I, sinking 101 ships.

He was present on U-20, but left prior to the U-20’s sinking of the RMS Lusitania in 1915. He exclusively commanded small, coastal U-Boats, starting with UB-2 in February 1915. He went on to command six subsequent UB and UC-type boats, during which time he was awarded the Iron Cross, Second and First class. His last command was UB-110, which was depth-charged and rammed by HMS Garry on July 19, 1918. Thirteen of the 34 crew were killed, and Fürbringer was captured. He spent the rest of the war as a British Prisoner of war.

Publications

• Fips: Legendary U-Boat Commander
• German bio

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Coordinates: 25°55?N 73°40?E? / ?25.92, 73.67 Sojat is a city and a municipality in Pali district in the Indian state of Rajasthan.

Sojat is famous for its “Mehandi”, India’s largest “Mehandi” production city. 70% of production is use for export. From here “Mehandi” exports to all over the world.

Geography

Sojat is located at 25.92° N 73.67° E. It has an average elevation of 257 metres (843 feet).

Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Sojat had a population of 38,877. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Sojat has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 43%. In Sojat, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

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DevilDriver
DevilDriver at Ozzfest 2007
Background information
Origin	Santa Barbara, California
Genre(s)	Groove metal Melodic death metal (recent)
Years active	2002–present
Label(s)	Roadrunner
Associated acts	Coal Chamber
Website	www.devildriver.com
Members
Dez Fafara Mike Spreitzer Jeff Kendrick Jon Miller John Boecklin

DevilDriver is a groove metal band from Santa Barbara, California. Coal Chamber vocalist Dez Fafara was not happy with the direction Coal Chamber was going in musically, and met musicians who had a similar music interest at a barbecue and bar. Fafara, guitarists Evan Pitts and Jeff Kendrick, bassist Jon Miller, and then-guitarist John Boecklin formed Deathride. Due to copyright issues and the name being taken by several bands, Deathride changed its name to DevilDriver, which refers to bells Italian witches used to drive evil forces away.

The band’s self-titled album was not well received by some music critics. The primary writer of the album, Pitts, left the band and was replaced by Mike Spreitzer. Their second album, The Fury of Our Maker’s Hand received a better reception with critics, and entered the Billboard 200 at number 117. The band embarked on several tours including Ozzfest and a Guinness world record was attempted at the 2007 Download Festival for the “largest circle pit”.

Biography

Formation

At the age of 15, bassist Jon Miller had formed a band with drummer John Boecklin and guitarist Jeff Kendrick in high school. The band was called Area-51 and played cover versions of Metallica, Slayer, Sepultura and Pantera. Miller, Boecklin and Kendrick met Coal Chamber vocalist Dez Fafara while he was in the process of recording the album Dark Days with Coal Chamber in 2002. The three were playing in a local band and talked to Fafara who said he was thinking about leaving Coal Chamber. Fafara said “Hey you guys write some heavy shit, and I want to get out of Coal Chamber”. Fafara hosted several barbecues after moving from Orange County to Santa Barbara and would jam with musicians he met, which lead to the formation of the band. Guitarist Evan Pitts met Fafara in a restaurant and gave him his phone number for a jam session, while John Boecklin who originally played guitar then played drums, met Fafara at a bar.

The band was originally known as Deathride, but later changed their name to DevilDriver because Fafara felt there were too many bands with that name; a band in Norfolk, Virginia, and a bicycle racing team. Another problem was that the band’s label, Roadrunner Records were unable to secure copyright. The members compiled a list of roughly two hundred names to go for a more original approach. Fafara’s wife had a book by Italian witchcraft author Raven Grimassi on Stregheria, and came across the term ‘devil driver’. The term ‘devil driver’ refers to bells Italian witches used to drive evil forces away. Fafara thought it was appropriate because it sounded “evil”, and thought the term “suits his life”. The band’s logo is the Cross of Confusion, which has existed for thousands of years and refers to “question religion, question authority, question everything around you”. Fafara was brought up to “question everything” and was exposed to Italian witchcraft through his grandparents.

DevilDriver (2003–2004)

DevilDriver’s self-titled album featuring the ‘cross of confusion’, which means to question everything around you

DevilDriver’s debut record was originally going to be called Thirteen, and then Straight to Hell. However, Fafara claims it was changed “for so many reasons that I can’t even go into.” The band’s self-titled debut DevilDriver, was released on October 23, 2003 under Roadrunner Records, and entered the Top Heatseekers chart at number 117. Guitarist Pitts wrote roughly 90% of the music, according to Mike Spreitzer, who replaced Pitts after his departure from the band. Music critics response to the album was generally negative. Allmusic reviewer Johnny Loftus commented that elements in the songs “Die (And Die Now)” and “Swinging the Dead” redeem an otherwise disappointing album and hoped the band would focus less on the mainstream.

The Fury of Our Maker’s Hand (2005–2006)

The band returned to the studio in 2005 to record their follow-up to DevilDriver. The album was produced at Sonic Ranch Studios, a 1,400-acre (5.7 km²) pecan ranch, 200 miles (320 km) away from El Paso, Texas. The band members wanted to be isolated when recording the album so they could solely focus on the music as friends, family, managers and girlfriends would constantly interrupt. Roughly 30 songs were written which were narrowed down to 15 by the band. The 15 songs were then played for producer Colin Richardson who wanted to begin tracking immediately.

The name of the album was thought of by Fafara who believed that The Fury of Our Maker’s Hand refers to the “storm” his life has been the past 10 years, “You have your maker’s hand and I have my maker’s hand and we both living in our fury, the fury of our maker’s hand. It explains my life”. The album was released on June 28, 2005 and debuted on the Billboard 200 chart at number 117, with sales of 10,402 in its first week. The album also debuted at number 1 on the Top Heatseekers chart. Johnny Loftus of Allmusic described the album as “a severe turn away from the falter of their first album” and said that the band made their “true debut the second time around”. Dom Lawson of Kerrang! gave the album a positive review describing the album as a “fresh and exhilarating approach to modern metal”.

The band toured extensively in support of the album, which included shows in the United States, Europe, and Australia in support of bands such as In Flames, Fear Factory, and Machine Head. The band played for the first time as a headliner in the Burning Daylight Tour. On October 31, 2006, The Fury of Our Maker’s Hand was re-released to include three new studio tracks, including “Digging up the Corpses” which was featured on the soundtrack to Resident Evil: Apocalypse. The release also contained three live recordings of previously released, a DVD of all of the band’s music videos, new cover art, and inside liner notes.

The Last Kind Words (2007–2008)

DevilDriver Live at Wolverhampton Civic Hall in 2007

DevilDriver released their third studio effort titled The Last Kind Words, which was released on June 16 in Australia, and June 19 in the United Kingdom. It was released on July 31 in the United States. The band reunited at Sonic Ranch Studios to isolate themselves to record the album. The album’s first single “Not All Who Wander Are Lost” was directed by Nathan Cox for free. Cox’s career began when he created Coal Chamber’s music video “Loco”, so he re-paid a favor to the band. Cox now directs music videos for bands such as Linkin Park and Korn. The first song to be previewed was “Horn of Betrayal” which debuted on Sirius Satellite’s Hard Attack channel on May 16. The Last Kind Words entered the German charts at number 92, and peaked at number 48 on the Billboard 200, with over 14,000 copies sold.

DevilDriver promoted the album at the 2007 Download Festival at Donington alongside headliners Linkin Park, Iron Maiden, and My Chemical Romance. A Guinness world record was attempted by the band for the “largest circle pit” at the festival. Guinness responded to the query and denied the request stating they receive over 60,000 requests a year and there is no way to physically define where a circle pit starts and ends. They considered the proposal fully in the context of the subject area and stated that “our decision is final in this matter”.

On July 28, 2007, the band announced on their MySpace that they would join the 2007 free Ozzfest on August 2, stating they would play the 3:30pm non-rotating slot in the afternoon. Fafara believed he was going to take the first six weeks off in 11 years until he received a call from John Fenton and Sharon Osbourne. Osbourne managed Fafara’s previous band, Coal Chamber so he agreed to take a slot. DevilDriver was part of the Gigantour, which included Lacuna Coil, Static X and headliners Megadeth that toured through Australia in November 2007. Guitarist Spreitzer says the band is planning to release a DVD in 2008, which will include a live show. The live taping took place at Harpos concert theatre in Detroit, Michigan. DevilDriver’s songs “Devil’s Son” and “Driving Down the Darkness” were featured in the TV show Scrubs. DevilDriver is touring with 36 Crazyfists, Napalm Death, Straight Line Stitch, and Invitro on the Bound By The Road tour.

The song “Clouds Over California” will be available as a download for the popular music game, Rock Band. It will be available on August 12, 2008 and can be downloaded as a single or in the “Roadrunner Records Track Pack.” The track pack will also include songs by Airbourne, Megadeth, Killswitch Engage, Machine Head, and Dream Theater. This will be one of the few download packs to include contemporary heavy metal music tracks for the game.

Influences

Miller’s influences include Metallica, Opeth, Slayer and In Flames, and states that many of the bands he tours with influences his songwriting. Fafara’s influences include Johnny Cash, and Motörhead, stating he likes people with “low voices”. Boecklin’s inspiration to pick up his drumsticks came from listening to Metallica’s …And Justice For All. Primus and Ministry are his influences.

Members

Current members

• Dez Fafara - vocals
• Mike Spreitzer - guitar
• Jeff Kendrick - guitar
• Jon Miller - bass
• John Boecklin - drums, additional guitar

Former members

• Evan Pitts - Guitar

Discography

Albums

DevilDriver

• Released: October 28, 2003 (U.S.)
• Format: CD
• Label: Roadrunner
• Chart position: #17 (U.S. Billboard Heatseekers)
• Singles: “I Could Care Less”, “Nothing’s Wrong?”

The Fury of Our Maker’s Hand

• Released: June 28, 2005 (U.S.)
• Format: CD
• Label: Roadrunner
• Chart position: #117 (U.S. Billboard 200)
• Sales: 10,400+
• Singles: “Hold Back the Day”, “End of the Line”

The Last Kind Words

• Released: July 31, 2007 (U.S.)
• Format: CD
• Label: Roadrunner
• Chart position: #48 (U.S. Billboard 200)
• Sales: 14,000+
• Singles: “Not All Who Wander are Lost”, “Clouds Over California”

EP’s

Head On To Heartache

• Released: April 21, 2008 (U.K.)
• Format: CD
• Label: Roadrunner
• Tracks: “Head On To Heartache”, “Damning The Heavens”, “Unlucky 13″, “Guilty As Sin”, “Digging Up The Corpses”

Singles

• “I Could Care Less” (2003)
• “Nothing’s Wrong?” (2004)
• “Hold Back the Day” (2005)
• “End of the Line” (2005)
• “Not All Who Wander Are Lost” (2007)
• “Clouds Over California” (2008)

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Encyclopaedia Metallum - DevilDriver
2. ^ ^{a b} Lumpkin, Sharita. “DevilDriver interview with Jon Miller”. fourteeng.net. Retrieved on 2007-10-25.
3. ^ Moskowitz, Shayna (2006-02-04). “DevilDriver: Interview with Jon Miller”. unratedmagazine.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-25.
4. ^ “Blasting-zone Interview with Dez Fafara”. blasting-zone.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
5. ^ ^{a b} Loutsch, Travis. “Metal-Update interview with Dez Fafara”. Metal-update.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
6. ^ ^{a b} Katrina (2005-08-12). “Interview with Dez Farfara of DevilDriver”. Metal-temple.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-25.
7. ^ “Interview with DevilDriver”. truepunk.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
8. ^ Kirshne, Matthew. “Tartarean Desire WEbzine”. tartareandesire.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-25.
9. ^ “Deathride Change Name To DevilDriver”. Blabbermouth.net (2006-06-23). Retrieved on 2007-10-30.
10. ^ “DevilDriver No Longer Going ‘Straight To Hell’”. Blabbermouth.net (2003-08-09). Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
11. ^ ^{a b} “Artist Chart History”. Billboard.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
12. ^ ^{a b} Morgan, Anthony. ““Tirades of Truth” - DevilDriver guitarist Mike Spreitzer”. lucemfero.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-29.
13. ^ Loftus, Johnny. “DevilDriver album review”. Allmusic. Retrieved on 2007-11-10.
14. ^ ^{a b c} “Soundscan report DevilDriver” Blabbermouth.net, (July 6, 2005). Retrieved on November 11, 2007
15. ^ “Top Heatseekers - The Fury Of Our Maker’s Hand”. Billboard.com (2005-07-16). Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
16. ^ Loftus, Johnny. “The Fury of Our Maker’s Hand - Allmusic review”. Allmusic. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
17. ^ “Kerrang DevilDriver Review Scan”. Kerrang!. Retrieved on 2007-12-06.
18. ^ Roya (2005-07-26). “An Interview with Devildriver Frontman Dez Fafara”. Metal-Underground.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
19. ^ ^{a b} “DevilDriver Vocalist Dez Fafara”. Metal-rules.com (2007-09-27). Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
20. ^ “DevilDriver: ‘The Last Kind Words’ Enters German Chart At No. 92″. Blabbermouth.net (2007-06-29). Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
21. ^ ^{a b} “Korn, DevilDriver, Entombed, Five Finger Death Punch First-Week Sales Revealed”. Blabbermouth.net (2007-08-08). Retrieved on 2007-10-30.
22. ^ “DevilDriver Attempts ‘Largest Circle Pit’ GUINESS Record; Video Available”. Blabbermouth.net (2007-06-13). Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
23. ^ Bruce Wayne. “DevilDriver @ Download 2007″. Youtube.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
24. ^ “DevilDriver Music Featured In NBC-TV’s ‘Scrubs’”. Blabbermouth.net (2007-02-20). Retrieved on 2007-12-05.
25. ^ “New Album Artwork Revealed”. Blabbermouth.net (2008-03-17). Retrieved on 2008-03-18.
26. ^ “Interview with Devildriver’s John Boecklin”. Metal-Underground.com (2006-06-17). Retrieved on 2007-10-29.
27. ^ “New DevilDriver EP”. Metalhammer.co.uk (2008-03-28). Retrieved on 2008-03-27.

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The LEEM image corresponding to a sub-monolayer palladium film (dark contrast) grown on the (110) surface of a tungsten crystal (bright contrast). The barely visible islands are tungsten carbides due to carbon contamination. Diameter of the imaged area is 10 micrometres.

Low-energy electron microscopy, or LEEM, is a technique used by surface scientists to study surface structure at mesoscopic scale on conducting and semiconducting materials. It is based on imaging the electrons elastically scattered from the surface. The high signal levels allow one to literally observe the motion of atomic steps on flat surfaces in real time during film deposition, exposure to reactive gases, or during heating and cooling. It is a powerful complement to scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which has better spatial resolution than LEEM, but is usually less applicable to the study of dynamic processes.

High-energy (15-20 keV) electrons are directed at a sample and decelerated such that they interact with the surface at low energy (0-500 eV). The technique derives its surface sensitivity from the low energy of these electrons; electrons at these energies do not penetrate far into materials. These electrons reflect or diffract from the surface of the sample, are re-accelerated, and then focused onto an area detector (consisting typically of a microchannel plate detector, a phosphor screen and a CCD) to form an image of the surface. LEEM is unlike other electron microscopies in that the electron beam is not scanned or rastered across the surface. The entire region of interest is imaged at once.

Since it is an electron-based technique, it must be used in a high-vacuum (usually less than 10^-7 Torr) environment. Typically, surface scientists use the instrument in ultra-high vacuum (less than 10^-9 Torr) in which pristine, atomically flat surfaces can be studied.

The spatial resolution is of the order of 10 nanometers, and is limited by the aberrations in the electron optics used to image the surface onto the detector. On the other hand, on crystallographic surfaces the phase differences between electron waves scattered from different planes provide an atomic depth resolution.

The contrast mechanism in a LEEM instrument depends on the electron energy as well as the type of surface under study. At very low energies (less than a few electron volts) the electrons cannot penetrate into the surface, and they are all reflected. This gives an out-of-focus topographical image of the surface, and so is termed as mirror electron microscopy. Going to higher energies, the electrons diffracted at different angles can be selected by filtering the back-focal plane using an aperture. This results in modes of operation analogous to bright field and dark field microscopies. The resulting contrast can be due to differences in the crystal symmetry and orientation, in the surface reconstruction, as well as chemical inhomogeneities on the surface.

LEEM is closely related to the low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) as both techniques are based on the same physical process (elastic back-scattering of electrons). Indeed, the LEEM instrument can be used to measure LEED patterns by an additional lens to image the diffraction plane instead of the image plane of the electron optics. In this way, simply by changing the settings of the lenses, one can switch from LEEM to LEED in a few seconds.

The technique was invented by Ernst Bauer, who is currently a professor at Arizona State University.

Recently, a version of the instrument which uses a spin polarized electron source has been developed. This version, called spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy (SPLEEM), enables investigators to image magnetic domains on surfaces of materials and observe how they evolve as a function of time, temperature, film thickness, etc.

References

• Bauer, Ernst (1998). “LEEM basics”. Surface Review and Letters 5: 1275–1286. doi:10.1142/S0218625X98001614. Retrieved on 2007-07-16. 

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Philippsburg
Coat of arms	Location
Administration
Country	Germany
State	Baden-Württemberg
Admin. region	Karlsruhe
District	Karlsruhe
Mayor	Stefan Martus
Basic statistics
Area	50.56 km² (19.5 sq mi)
Elevation	100 m  (328 ft)
Population	12,562  (31/12/2005)
- Density	248 /km² (644 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	KA
Postal code	76661
Area code	07256
Website	www.philippsburg.de Coordinates: 49°14?0?N 08°27?0?E? / ?49.23333, 8.45

Philippsburg is a city in Germany, in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg.

History

Before 1632, Philippsburg was known as “Udenheim”.

The city was a possession of the Bishop of Speyer from 1371–1718, one of whom was Philipp Christoph von Sötern (bishop from 1610–1652), who gave the town its name.

Historically, possession of the town was disputed between Germany and France. Formerly there was a fortress, which was the site of a siege during the War of the Polish Succession.

Farm and power plant

Miscellaneous

The town is the site of the Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant and a plant of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company.

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The Bellanca 28-90 Flash was an American military aircraft derived from an earlier air racer developed in the 1930s for export to Spain to take part in the Spanish Civil War. Although it never reached Spain, the order was diverted to China where the aircraft briefly saw service. Later, a new batch destined for Spain ended up in Mexico.

Design and development

The Bellanca 28-70 air racer built by Giuseppe Mario Bellanca for the 1934 MacRobertson Race was shipped to Great Britain but was unable to participate in the race due to a lack of time to adequately prepare the aircraft. It went back to the USA to finish its tests, but was badly damaged in a landing accident. In 1936 the aircraft was rebuilt with a 900 hp P&W “Twin Wasp” and redesignated the 28-90. After being purchased by British long-distance air racer James Mollison, he renamed the aircraft Dorothy after actress friend Dorothy Ward. Mollison used the Bellanca 28-90 for a new transatlantic speed record on 29-30 October 1936 and later in the year made an attempt to set a long-distance London-Cape Town that was aborted. In 1937 Mollison flew to Madrid and sold the aircraft to the Republican government in Spain.

Operational history

The Spanish Republican government in desperate need of modern military aircraft placed an order for 20 aircraft in 1936 through a “arms length” deal with Air France . In order to circumvent US government export restrictions in the Neutrality Acts aimed at stopping exports to combatants in Europe, the Bellanca 28-90s were marked with spurious Air France livery and declared by Bellanca to be mailplanes. The truth was discovered, however, and export permission was denied. Nevertheless, the Chinese government managed to secure permission to buy the aircraft and they were shipped there instead. Fitted with bomb racks and machine guns mounted in the fuselage at Hangkow, this first batch of machines saw brief service, although seven of them were destroyed on the ground in Japanese raids without having seen combat. The remainder were destroyed in testing.

Undaunted, the Spanish government tried again, ordering 22 examples as “trainers” with full payment in advance, with the aircraft this time being exported to a Greek civil reservist flying school. Once again, however, the truth was found out and export permission denied. They were eventually successfully purchased for export to Mexico, but with their true destination again Spain. However, before the aircraft could be supplied, the Spanish Civil War was over. After languishing for over a year in a warehouse in Veracruz, they were indeed purchased by the Mexican Air Force, with which they served from 1939 to 1940 until grounded due to safety concerns.

In 1946, the surviving 19 airframes were acquired by the Charles E. Babb Company and shipped to Glendale, California . A final sale of the Bellancas still in packing crates was made to the US Navy where the aircraft were distributed to US Navy Technical Centers as training aids.

Specifications

General characteristics

• Crew: two, pilot and observer
• Length: 26 ft 6 in (8.08 m)
• Wingspan: 46 ft 2 in (14.08 m)
• Wing area: 279 ft² (25.9 m²)
• Gross weight: 7,849 lb (3,560 kg)
• Powerplant: 1 × Pratt & Whitney R-1830, 960 hp (716 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 280 mph (450 km/h)
• Range: 800 miles (1,290 km)
• Service ceiling: 30,500 ft (9,300 m)
• Rate of climb: 2,800 ft/min (14.2 m/s)

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Underwood 1975, p. 62.
2. ^ Underwood 1975, p. 62-63.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Underwood 1975, p. 67.

• Taylor, Michael J.H. Jane’s Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989
• Underwood, John. “A Racer for Ireland, Bombers for Spain.” Air Classics Vol. 11, no. 10, October 1975.

External links

• aerofiles.com
• Latin American Aviation Historical Society

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Alexander A. Gurshtein (born 1937) is a Russian astronomer and historian of science.

Gurshtein earned his Candidate of Science from Sternberg State Astronomical Institute, Moscow in 1966 and a Doctor of Science degree in Physics & Mathematics from Pulkovo Astronomical Observatory in St. Petersburg (1980).

In Russia, Gurshtein was active as an astronomer in the space program and held a number of offices in professional organizations, including Head of Council for Astronomical Education and Vice Director of the Institute for History of Science & Technology, both for the Russian Ministry of Education. As a historian of science, he has served as editor-in-chief of the Annual on History of Science, published by the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Deputy Editor-in-Chief for the academic monthly, Nature. He is also the author of several books and articles on planetology, holder of five patents, and contributor to many international forums.

In 1995 he took a leave of absence from the Russian Academy and accepted a position as Visiting Professor of Astronomy & History of Science at Mesa State College in Grand Junction, Colorado. In recent years he has developed a concept of history of constellations and the zodiac which was published in American Scientist, Sky & Telescope, and other professional journals.

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Lille Metro
Locale	Lille
Transit type	Rapid transit
Began operation	1983
System length	45.2 km (28.1 mi)
Number of lines	2
Number of stations	60
Operator(s)	Transpole

The Lille Metro (fr. Métro de Lille) in Lille, France was inaugurated on 25 April 1983. It is a driverless metro, the first using the VAL system (véhicule automatique léger = light automated vehicle).

The metro forms part of a mixed mode public transport system, also including buses and trams, which is operated under the Transpole name and covers the Lille metropolitan area.

History

Lille metro station Porte d’Arras

Construction started in 1978 and the first line was inaugurated on 25 April 1983 between the stations 4 Cantons and République. One year later, on 2 May 1984 the entire Line 1 was opened (13.5 km long, 8.5 km underground). The metro links the station C.H.R. B Calmette in Lille to 4 Cantons in Villeneuve d’Ascq via Gare Lille Flandres, with 18 stations altogether on the line. All stations have doors between the platform and the train.

Line 2 opened on 3 April 1989 and it reached C.H. Dron near the Belgian border on 27 October, 2000. The line is 32 km long with 43 stations.

Info

A train of type Val-208 on the Lille Metro

Trains are only 2 metres wide and 26 m long (two linked cars), and are rubber-tyred. There are 60 stations which go as far as the Belgian border. The metro platforms are 52 m long, long enough for two units. One unit can carry 156 passengers.

The metro operates from 5:00 until midnight, with trains every 1.5 - 4 minutes (1 min. during rush hour), and every 6 - 8 minutes early mornings and evenings. On Sundays there is a train every 4 - 6 minutes. The single fare costs 1.25 euros.

References

• urbanrail.net info
• Lille VAL Automated Urban Metro

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Lille Metro

• List of rapid transit systems
• Rubber-tyred metro

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Old Tyresö (Gamla Tyresö) is a district of Tyresö Municipality in Sweden. It consists of the eastern half of the municipality, containing the Tyresö Strand and Raksta areas, the long Brevik peninsula, and the vast forest in the south.

Old Tyresö contains almost exclusively detached houses and summer cottages. The Tyresö Strand area has since mid-1990s been built with a higher density with tightly packed detached, semi-detached and terraced houses. There is a small amount of apartment buildings and commercial establishments around Strandtorget.

Tyresö Palace and Tyresö Church from 17th century are located in Old Tyresö as well. The forest in south contains about half of Tyresta National Park on the Tyresö side.

Located on the Brevik peninsula, southeast of Trinntorp, is Telegrafberget 84 m (276 ft) above sea level, from where one has a view all the way to central Stockholm.

Residential and urban areas

The population of the residential areas typically associated with Old Tyresö, as of January 1, 2004:

• Tyresö Strand: 2,874
• East Tyresö: 2,721
• Total: 5,595 — or 14.0% of the population of Tyresö Municipality.

Old Tyresö is part of three urban areas:

• Stockholm
• Raksta
• Brevik peninsula (Brevikshalvön)

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Meadowbank Sydney, New South Wales
Meadowbank ferry wharf
Population:	2085 (2001 census)
Established:	1801
Postcode:	2114
Area:	60 km² (23.2 sq mi)
Property Value:	AUD $605,000 (2005)
Location:	17 km (11 mi) west of Sydney CBD
LGA:	City of Ryde
State District:	Ryde
Federal Division:	Bennelong
Suburbs around Meadowbank: West Ryde West Ryde Ryde Melrose Park Meadowbank Putney Homebush Bay Parramatta River Rhodes

Western side of Meadowbank Station

Meadowbank is a suburb on the Lower North Shore of Sydney, in the state of New South Wales, Australia. Meadowbank is located 17 kilometres west of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area of the City of Ryde. Meadowbank sits in a valley on the northern bank of the Parramatta River.

History

Aboriginal culture

The territory from Sydney Cove to Parramatta, on the northern side of the Parramatta River, was thought to be that of the Wallumedegal, and had the aboriginal name Wallumetta, the territory of the Wallumede people.

Aboriginal people in the Sydney district were clans of larger groups sharing a common language. Three language groups have been identified in the Sydney Region - the Kuringgai (or Guringai), the Dharug (or Dharruk / Dharuk / Darug), and the Dharawal (or Tharawal). The Wallumedegal are thought to have been within the Dharug speaking area.

European settlement

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Land originally granted to Surgeon William Balmain in 1794, in the district of the Field of Mars, was bestowed the name ‘Meadow Bank’. Balmain returned to England in 1801, leaving his estates to be managed by fellow surgeon D’arcy Wentworth. Wentworth agreed to sell Balmain’s grants to John Bennett, an ex-convict who had been transported in 1795. By 1819 both the ‘Meadow Bank Estate’ and ‘Chatham Farm’ to the north, belonged to Bennett. In 1823 he was joined by his nephew William Bennett. John Bennett died in July 1829, a bachelor, and his nephew inherited his estate, building Meadowbank House around 1835. William then sold ‘Chatham Farm’ to Major Edward Darvall in 1855. William Bennett died in 1865 but his widow remained at Meadowbank until her death in 1879. The estate was subdivided in the late 1880s, given impetus by the opening of the railway from Strathfield to Hornsby in 1886. The station opened here was called Hellenic but this was later changed to Meadowbank, after the Meadowbank Estate.

Commercial Area

Meadowbank is a mixed commercial-residential area. Meadowbank features a small group of shops on either side of Meadowbank railway station. Meadowbank TAFE is situated on the east side of the station and is a major educational institution.

Meadowbank is undergoing gentrification, with many of its factories being demolished and replaced by waterfront high-rise apartments with views of the Parramatta River.

Transport

Meadowbank is easily accessible by Road, Ferry, Bus and Train. Meadowbank experiences limited traffic as major roads circle rather than run through the suburb. Lane Cove road to the east, Victoria Road to the north and Adelaide Street to the West. Other central roads include Constitution Road, Meadow Crescent and Bank Street.

Meadowbank railway station is on Northern railway line of Sydney’s CityRail network. Meadowbank has two side platforms. The station is served by two trains per hour each way, with additional trains on weekday peak hours. The station is within walking distance of a ferry wharf served by Sydney to Parramatta ferries.

Meadowbank has a ferry wharf on the Parramatta River as part of the Sydney Ferries network. The next wharf west is Sydney Olympic Park and east is Kissing Point. The ferry primarily services tourists on weekends and city workers during the week. RiverCat catamaran type ferries work the Parramatta River route due to shallow waters, particularly during low tides.

Amenities

Schools

Meadowbank TAFE

• Meadowbank TAFE
• St Michael’s School is a Catholic primary school, founded in 1922 by the Sisters of Mercy.

Churches

• Meadowbank International Church
• Ryde Presbyterian Church
• St Michael’s Catholic Church

Parks

Meadowbank feautures great public access to Parramatta River and surrounding parklands.

• Meadowbank Park - 2 Cricket Pitches and nets, 2 soccer fields and 8 netball courts.
• Meadowbank section of Parramatta to Putney Cycleway.
• Walking track along Parramatta River.

Sport

West Ryde Denistone Junior Rugby League Club home ground is Meadowbank Park.

Population

In the 2006 Australian Bureau of Statistics Census of Population and Housing, the population of the Meadowbank postcode area was 2085 people, in an area of .60 square kilometres. The population was 51% females, 49% males. 60% of the population was born overseas. The eight strongest religious affiliations in the area were in descending order: Catholic, No religion, Anglican, Buddhism, Orthodox Christian, Uniting Church, Presbyterian and Reformed, and Islam. The three most common forms of dwelling were in decreasing order: a flat, unit or apartment; a separate house; a semi-detached, row or terrace house, or townhouse.

Politics

The Federal member for Bennelong is Maxine McKew and the current State member is John Watkins.

Property

Property Prices 12 months to 1/3/2006

• Houses Average $639,000, Median $605,000 - Median change over last 12 months 4%
• Units Average $313,000, Median $299,000 - Median change over last 12 months 4%
• Based on sales reported to Australian Property Monitors

External links

• Meadowbank, New South Wales is at coordinates 33°49?01?S 151°04?00?E? / ?-33.81692, 151.08333? (Meadowbank, New South Wales)Coordinates: 33°49?01?S 151°04?00?E? / ?-33.81692, 151.08333? (Meadowbank, New South Wales)

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